Theyyam History

A Medley of Myth and Legends

Origin of Theyyam

The genesis of Theyyam dates back to antiquity, with its roots deeply entwined with the Dravidian culture that once flourished in the Southern part of India. Its history is a complex web, incorporating elements of tribal folklore, ancient rituals, and socio-cultural narratives.

The art form has evolved over the centuries, metamorphosing from primitive ritual dances performed in tribal hamlets to a full-fledged art form with religious implications. The ritualistic performances, initially believed to be an appeasement to nature deities, gradually became a medium to channel gods and goddesses, drawing not just from local folklore but also from Hindu mythology.

There are about 456 types of Theyyams documented, each with its own unique rituals, costumes, and stories. This multiplicity adds another layer of complexity and richness to the art form. Theyyam is mainly performed by male artists.

A Divine Inference

The term ‘Theyyam’ originates from the Malayalam word ‘Daivam,’ which translates to ‘God.’ This is reflective of its essence, which goes beyond the mere performance aspect and delves into the realm of the divine.

Theyyam’s Philosophy: The Social Subtext

Theyyam serves as a mirror to society, reflecting not just its divine aspirations but also its human inequalities. Theyyam is typically performed by people from marginalised castes and tribes like Pulayar, Vannan, Malayan, Anhoottan, Munnoottan, Mavilan, Koppalan, Velan, Chingathan, Kalanaadi, Paravan, Nalikeyavar, etc.

The ritual provides an arena where conventional caste hierarchies are temporarily upended: the performers, belonging to the lower strata of society, become gods and are revered by higher-caste individuals during the performance. This subversion of social norms makes Theyyam a potent commentary on the rigid caste system and other social issues. It also provides a voice to the marginalised, an opportunity to be heard, and a momentary escape from social subjugation.

North Kerala: The Only Place on Earth Where You Can See Theyyam

Theyyam is almost exclusively performed in North Kerala, particularly in the districts of Kasaragod and Kannur. The art form is so intricately linked to these regions that you won’t find authentic performances anywhere else in Kerala, let alone outside the state. This regional specificity adds an extra layer of uniqueness to Theyyam, making it a priceless cultural relic of the Malabar region.

More than a Mere Art Form or Performance

While Theyyam and Kathakali are often mentioned in the same breath due to their origins in Kerala, Theyyam stands apart as a religious and divine art form. Unlike Kathakali, which is primarily a storytelling medium, Theyyam is a form of worship, a conduit between the mortal and the divine. The performer, through intense rituals and dances, transforms into the deity he represents, offering an experiential spirituality unlike any other.

Theyyam Locations

Theyyam performances usually occur in temples, sacred groves known as ‘Kaavu,’ and ancestral homes. Each setting offers a unique aesthetic and spiritual experience. Temples and ancestral homes provide a more intimate setting, whereas performances in ‘Kaavu’ often take on a more mystical tone, surrounded by the natural elements.

Theyyam Season

Theyyam season starts from the tenth day of the Malayalam month of Thulam (usually falls during October, and known as paththaam-udayam) and lasts up to seven months till the middle of Edavam month (typically around May end).

The Performance

There is no stage or curtain or other such arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In short, it is an open theatre. Performances can last from hours to days, broken up by intervals. The lead dancer, embodying the shrine’s central deity, observes strict rituals, even fasting after sunset. The opening act, known as Vellattam or Thottam, is simple. The dancer wears a Simple attire but no full costume or elaborate makeup. Alongside drummers, he chants special songs that tell the deity’s story, complemented by the rhythms of traditional instruments. After this, he retreats, only to re-emerge adorned in vibrant makeup and costume. The dancer’s face transforms with intricate designs, each Theyyam having its own unique patterns, symbols and aesthetics character. Vivid colours (mainly in bright shades or red, orange, yellow, green, white and black) bring these patterns to life, making the performance even more mesmerising. Once fully transformed, the dancer reappears as if he has become the deity himself, embodying its spirit and energy. What follows is a spectacle of rhythmic footwork known as Kalaasams, perfectly coordinated with traditional instruments like the chenda and tudi drums. The dancer holds a shield and sword, channelling the deity’s power as he dances around the shrine and its courtyard. This isn’t just a performance—it’s a divine transition, a fusion of art, faith, and tradition.

A Sacred Reverence: Why Theyyam Demands Your Respect

Theyyam is not just an art form; it is a religious ritual, a sacred tradition, and a deeply sensitive cultural practice. Unlike any other conventional art forms, it engages in a deeper dialogue with the divine and the community.Treating the performers and rituals with the respect and dignity it deserves is not just ethical but also enrich the way you experience Theyyam.

Socio-Economic Impact: Livelihood and Legacy

For performers and their families, Theyyam is not merely an art form; it is a way of life and a livelihood. The income generated during the Theyyam season—spanning around six months—sustains these families for the entire year. Theyyam performers’ legacy is zealously guarded and passed down to younger generations, ensuring the art form’s continuity and relevance. This generational transmission is facilitated through rigorous training and initiation rituals, often starting at a very young age.

Responsible Tourism: Celebrating and Sustaining Theyyam

Our Theyyam tours are crafted with sustainability in mind, aiming to empower Theyyam artist communities and preserve the authentic essence of Theyyam. By participating, you are directly contributing to the livelihoods of the performers and their families. We are committed to sustainability, ensuring that the tour is conducted in an environmentally friendly manner—no plastic, no waste, just a genuine cultural exchange that benefits both the performers and the visitors..

We Invite You to the Divine Stage

We warmly invite you to join a journey that transcends mere observation and offers a deeply immersive experience. Our commitment to sustainability and responsible tourism ensures that your cultural journey not only enriches you but also supports the talented artists and their communities.

Join our guided Theyyam Tour to celebrate tradition, fosters divine connection, and leaves lasting memories.

To know more and plan your itinerary, contact a Theyyam Trails representative at +91 8050 640 555 or email us at hello@theyyam.net.